Patton GC, Sawyer SM, Santelli JS, Ross DA, Afifi R, Allen NB, Arora M, Azzopardi P, Baldwin W, Bonell C, Kakuma R, Kennedy E, Mahon J, McGovern T, Mokdad AH, Patel V, Petroni S, Reavley N, Taiwo K, Waldfogel J, Wickremarathne D, Barroso C, Bhutta Z, Fatusi AO, Mattoo A, Diers J, Fang J, Ferguson J, Ssewamala F, Viner RM. Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing. Lancet. 2016;387(10036):2423–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00579-1.
McGorry PD, Mei C, Dalal N, Alvarez-Jimenez M, Blakemore SJ, Browne V, Dooley B, Hickie IB, Jones PB, McDaid D, Mihalopoulos C, Wood SJ, El Azzouzi FA, Fazio J, Gow E, Hanjabam S, Hayes A, Morris A, Pang E, Paramasivam K, Quagliato Nogueira I, Tan J, Adelsheim S, Broome MR, Cannon M, Chanen AM, Chen EYH, Danese A, Davis M, Ford T, Gonsalves PP, Hamilton MP, Henderson J, John A, Kay-Lambkin F, Le LK, Kieling C, Mac Dhonnagáin N, Malla A, Nieman DH, Rickwood D, Robinson J, Shah JL, Singh S, Soosay I, Tee K, Twenge J, Valmaggia L, van Amelsvoort T, Verma S, Wilson J, Yung A, Iyer SN, Killackey E. The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health. Lancet Psychiatry. 2024;11(9):731–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00163-9.
Sawyer SM, Azzopardi PS, Wickremarathne D, Patton GC. The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018;2(3):223–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(18)30022-1.
King T, Singh A, Disney G. Associations between young informal caring and mental health: a prospective observational study using augmented inverse probability weighting. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2021;15:100257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100257.
Fleitas Alfonzo L, Singh A, Disney G, Ervin J, King T. Mental health of young informal carers: a systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2022;57(12):2345–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02333-8.
Lacey RE, Xue B, McMunn A. The mental and physical health of young carers: a systematic review. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(9):e787–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00161-x.
Fleitas Alfonzo L, Disney G, Singh A, Simons K, King T. The effect of informal caring on mental health among adolescents and young adults in Australia: a population-based longitudinal study. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(1):e26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00299-2.
Lacey RE, Xue B, Di Gessa G, Lu W, McMunn A. Mental and physical health changes around transitions into unpaid caregiving in the UK: a longitudinal, propensity score analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2024;9(1):e16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00206-2.
Stanyon D, Nakanishi M, Yamasaki S, Miyashita M, Yamaguchi S, Baba K, Nakajima N, Niimura J, DeVylder J, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M, Ando S, Kasai K, Nishida A. Investigating the differential impact of short- and long-term informal caregiving on mental health across adolescence: data from the Tokyo Teen Cohort. J Adolesc Health. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.06.005
Brimblecombe N, Knapp M, King D, Stevens M, Cartagena FJ. The high cost of unpaid care by young people:health and economic impacts of providing unpaid care. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09166-7.
Nap HH, Hoefman R, de Jong N, Lovink L, Glimmerveen L, Lewis F, Santini S, D’Amen B, Socci M, Boccaletti L, Casu G, Manattini A, Brolin R, Sirk K, Hlebec V, Rakar T, Hudobivnik T, Leu A, Berger F, Magnusson L, Hanson E. The awareness, visibility and support for young carers across Europe: a Delphi study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):921. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05780-8.
Hayes D, Fancourt D, Burton A. The experiences and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young carers: practice implications and planning for future health emergencies. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2024;18(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00697-6.
Nakanishi M, Richards M, Stanyon D, Yamasaki S, Endo K, Sakai M, Yoshii H, Nishida A. Adolescent carers’ psychological symptoms and mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal study using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. J Adolesc Health. 2022;70(6):877–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.228.
Joseph S, Sempik J, Leu A, Becker S. Young carers research, practice and policy: an overview and critical perspective on possible future directions. Adolesc Res Rev. 2020;5(1):77–89 (https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s40894-019-00119-9).
Thoits PA. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 2011;52(2):145–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510395592.
Lacey RE, Di Gessa G, Xue B, McMunn A. Inequalities in associations between young adult caregiving and social relationships: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. J Adolesc. 2023;95(7):1293–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12202.
Yamaguchi S, Ando S, Miyashita M, Usami S, Yamasaki S, Endo K, DeVylder J, Stanyon D, Baba K, Nakajima N, Niimura J, Nakanishi M, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M, Kasai K, Nishida A. Longitudinal relationships between help-seeking intentions and depressive symptoms in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2023;73(6):1061–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.033.
Di Gessa G, Xue B, Lacey R, McMunn A. Young adult carers in the UK-New evidence from the UK Household longitudinal study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(21):14076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114076.
Nakanishi M, Stanyon D, Richards M, Yamasaki S, Ando S, Endo K, Hosozawa M, Miyashita M, Hiraiwa-Hasegawa M, Kasai K, Nishida A. Informal caregiving in adolescents from 10 to 16 years old: a longitudinal study using data from the Tokyo Teen Cohort. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(15):6482. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156482.
Xue B, King M, Deindl C, Lacey R, Di Gessa G, McMunn A. Do health and well-being change around the transition to informal caring in early adulthood? A longitudinal comparison between the United Kingdom and Germany. J Adolesc Health. 2024;74(5):885–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.11.398.
Tabuchi T, Shinozaki T, Kunugita N, Nakamura M, Tsuji I. Study Profile: The Japan “Society and New Tobacco” Internet Survey (JASTIS): A longitudinal internet cohort study of heat-not-burn tobacco products, electronic cigarettes, and conventional tobacco products in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2019;29(11):444–50. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.je20180116.
Carter JH, Lyons KS, Stewart BJ, Archbold PG, Scobee R. Does age make a difference in caregiver strain? Comparison of young versus older caregivers in early-stage Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25(6):724–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22888.
Taniguchi Y, Miyawaki A, Tsugawa Y, Murayama H, Tamiya N, Tabuchi T. Family caregiving and changes in mental health status in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2022;98:104531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2021.104531.
Lubben J, Blozik E, Gillmann G, Iliffe S, von Renteln KW, Beck JC, Stuck AE. Performance of an abbreviated version of the Lubben Social Network Scale among three European community-dwelling older adult populations. Gerontologist. 2006;46(4):503–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.4.503.
Kurimoto A, Awata S, Ohkubo T, Tsubota-Utsugi M, Asayama K, Takahashi K, Suenaga K, Satoh H, Imai Y. Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2011;48(2):149–57. https://doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.48.149.
Watabe M, Kato TA, Teo AR, Horikawa H, Tateno M, Hayakawa K, Shimokawa N, Kanba S. Relationship between trusting behaviors and psychometrics associated with social network and depression among young generation: a pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0120183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120183.
Jang Y, Powers DA, Park NS, Chiriboga DA, Chi I, Lubben J. Performance of an abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6) in three ethnic groups of older Asian Americans. Gerontologist. 2022;62(2):e73–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa156.
Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM. Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychol Med. 2002;32(6):959–76. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006074.
Furukawa TA, Kawakami N, Saitoh M, Ono Y, Nakane Y, Nakamura Y, Tachimori H, Iwata N, Uda H, Nakane H, Watanabe M, Naganuma Y, Hata Y, Kobayashi M, Miyake Y, Takeshima T, Kikkawa T. The performance of the Japanese version of the K6 and K10 in the World Mental Health Survey Japan. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2008;17(3):152–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.257.
Miyakawa M, Hamashima Y, Minami T. Psychological distress of young carers: a questionnaire survey among Saitama prefectural high school students. Jpn J Public Health. 2022;69(2):125–35. https://doi.org/10.11236/jph.21-080.
Selig JP, Little TD. Autoregressive and cross-lagged panel analysis for longitudinal data. In: Laursen D, Little TD, Card NA, editors. Handbook of developmental research methods. New York: The Guilford Press; 2013. p. 265–78.
Hamaker EL, Kuiper RM, Grasman RP. A critique of the cross-lagged panel model. Psychol Methods. 2015;20(1):102–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038889.
Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model. 1999;6(1):1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
Hooper D, Coughlan J, Mullen MR. Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Eur J Bus Res Methods. 2008;6(1):53–60 (https://academic-publishing.org/index.php/ejbrm/article/view/1224/1187).
Cham H, Reshetnyak E, Rosenfeld B, Breitbart W. Full information maximum likelihood estimation for latent variable interactions with incomplete indicators. Multivariate Behav Res. 2017;52(1):12–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2016.1245600.
Young R, Johnson DR. Handling missing values in longitudinal panel data with multiple imputation. J Marriage Fam. 2015;77(1):277–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12144.
Duagi D, Carter B, Farrelly M, Lisk S, Shearer J, Byford S, James K, Brown JSL. Long-term effects of psychosocial interventions for adolescents on depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;68:102382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102382.
Lewis FM, Becker S, Parkhouse T, Joseph S, Hlebec V, Mrzel M, Brolin R, Casu G, Boccaletti L, Santini S, D’Amen B, Socci M, Hoefman R, de Jong N, Leu A, Phelps D, Guggiari E, Magnusson L, Hanson E. The first cross-national study of adolescent young carers aged 15–17 in six European countries. Int J Care Caring. 2023;7(1):6–32. https://doi.org/10.1332/239788222X16455943560342.
Tsuboi S, Yoshida H, Ae R, Kojo T, Nakamura Y, Kitamura K. Selection bias of Internet panel surveys: a comparison with a paper-based survey and national governmental statistics in Japan. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP2390-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539512450610.
